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// Versatile string -*- C++ -*-

// Copyright (C) 2005-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
//
// This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library.  This library is free
// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
// terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
// Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
// any later version.

// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.

// Under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted additional
// permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, version
// 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and
// a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program;
// see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively.  If not, see
// <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

/** @file ext/vstring.h
 *  This file is a GNU extension to the Standard C++ Library.
 */

#ifndef _VSTRING_H
#define _VSTRING_H 1

#pragma GCC system_header

#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
#include <initializer_list>
#endif

#include <ext/vstring_util.h>
#include <ext/rc_string_base.h>
#include <ext/sso_string_base.h>

namespace __gnu_cxx _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
{
_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION

/**
   *  @class __versa_string vstring.h
   *  @brief  Template class __versa_string. 
   *  @ingroup extensions
   *
   *  Data structure managing sequences of characters and
   *  character-like objects. 
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    class __versa_string
    : private _Base<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>
    {
      typedef _Base<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>                __vstring_base;    
      typedef typename __vstring_base::_CharT_alloc_type    _CharT_alloc_type;
      typedef __alloc_traits<_CharT_alloc_type> _CharT_alloc_traits;

// Types:
    public:
      typedef _Traits					    traits_type;
      typedef typename _Traits::char_type		    value_type;
      typedef _Alloc					    allocator_type;
      typedef typename _CharT_alloc_type::size_type	    size_type;
      typedef typename _CharT_alloc_type::difference_type   difference_type;
      typedef value_type&               	            reference;
      typedef const value_type&                             const_reference;
      typedef typename _CharT_alloc_traits::pointer	    pointer;
      typedef typename _CharT_alloc_traits::const_pointer   const_pointer;
      typedef __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<pointer, __versa_string>  iterator;
      typedef __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<const_pointer, __versa_string>
                                                            const_iterator;
      typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>	const_reverse_iterator;
      typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator>		    reverse_iterator;

// Data Member (public):
      ///  Value returned by various member functions when they fail.
      static const size_type	npos = static_cast<size_type>(-1);

private:
      size_type
      _M_check(size_type __pos, const char* __s) const
      {
	if (__pos > this->size())
	  std::__throw_out_of_range_fmt(__N("%s: __pos (which is %zu) > "
					    "this->size() (which is %zu)"),
					__s, __pos, this->size());
	return __pos;
      }

void
      _M_check_length(size_type __n1, size_type __n2, const char* __s) const
      {
	if (this->max_size() - (this->size() - __n1) < __n2)
	  std::__throw_length_error(__N(__s));
      }

// NB: _M_limit doesn't check for a bad __pos value.
      size_type
      _M_limit(size_type __pos, size_type __off) const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      {
	const bool __testoff =  __off < this->size() - __pos;
	return __testoff ? __off : this->size() - __pos;
      }

// True if _Rep and source do not overlap.
      bool
      _M_disjunct(const _CharT* __s) const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      {
	return (std::less<const _CharT*>()(__s, this->_M_data())
		|| std::less<const _CharT*>()(this->_M_data()
					      + this->size(), __s));
      }

// For the internal use we have functions similar to `begin'/`end'
      // but they do not call _M_leak.
      iterator
      _M_ibegin() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return iterator(this->_M_data()); }

iterator
      _M_iend() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return iterator(this->_M_data() + this->_M_length()); }

public:
      // Construct/copy/destroy:
      // NB: We overload ctors in some cases instead of using default
      // arguments, per 17.4.4.4 para. 2 item 2.

/**
       *  @brief  Construct an empty string using allocator @a a.
       */
      explicit
      __versa_string(const _Alloc& __a = _Alloc()) _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      : __vstring_base(__a) { }

// NB: per LWG issue 42, semantics different from IS:
      /**
       *  @brief  Construct string with copy of value of @a __str.
       *  @param  __str  Source string.
       */
      __versa_string(const __versa_string& __str)
      : __vstring_base(__str) { }

#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  String move constructor.
       *  @param  __str  Source string.
       *
       *  The newly-constructed %string contains the exact contents of
       *  @a __str.  The contents of @a __str are a valid, but unspecified
       *  string.
       */
      __versa_string(__versa_string&& __str) noexcept
      : __vstring_base(std::move(__str)) { }

/**
       *  @brief  Construct string from an initializer list.
       *  @param  __l  std::initializer_list of characters.
       *  @param  __a  Allocator to use (default is default allocator).
       */
      __versa_string(std::initializer_list<_CharT> __l,
		     const _Alloc& __a = _Alloc())
      : __vstring_base(__l.begin(), __l.end(), __a) { }
#endif

/**
       *  @brief  Construct string as copy of a substring.
       *  @param  __str  Source string.
       *  @param  __pos  Index of first character to copy from.
       *  @param  __n  Number of characters to copy (default remainder).
       */
      __versa_string(const __versa_string& __str, size_type __pos,
		     size_type __n = npos)
      : __vstring_base(__str._M_data()
		       + __str._M_check(__pos,
					"__versa_string::__versa_string"),
		       __str._M_data() + __str._M_limit(__pos, __n)
		       + __pos, _Alloc()) { }

/**
       *  @brief  Construct string as copy of a substring.
       *  @param  __str  Source string.
       *  @param  __pos  Index of first character to copy from.
       *  @param  __n  Number of characters to copy.
       *  @param  __a  Allocator to use.
       */
      __versa_string(const __versa_string& __str, size_type __pos,
		     size_type __n, const _Alloc& __a)
      : __vstring_base(__str._M_data()
		       + __str._M_check(__pos,
					"__versa_string::__versa_string"),
		       __str._M_data() + __str._M_limit(__pos, __n)
		       + __pos, __a) { }

/**
       *  @brief  Construct string initialized by a character array.
       *  @param  __s  Source character array.
       *  @param  __n  Number of characters to copy.
       *  @param  __a  Allocator to use (default is default allocator).
       *
       *  NB: @a __s must have at least @a __n characters, '\\0' has no special
       *  meaning.
       */
      __versa_string(const _CharT* __s, size_type __n,
		     const _Alloc& __a = _Alloc())
      : __vstring_base(__s, __s + __n, __a) { }

/**
       *  @brief  Construct string as copy of a C string.
       *  @param  __s  Source C string.
       *  @param  __a  Allocator to use (default is default allocator).
       */
      __versa_string(const _CharT* __s, const _Alloc& __a = _Alloc())
      : __vstring_base(__s, __s ? __s + traits_type::length(__s) :
		       __s + npos, __a) { }

/**
       *  @brief  Construct string as multiple characters.
       *  @param  __n  Number of characters.
       *  @param  __c  Character to use.
       *  @param  __a  Allocator to use (default is default allocator).
       */
      __versa_string(size_type __n, _CharT __c, const _Alloc& __a = _Alloc())
      : __vstring_base(__n, __c, __a) { }

/**
       *  @brief  Construct string as copy of a range.
       *  @param  __beg  Start of range.
       *  @param  __end  End of range.
       *  @param  __a  Allocator to use (default is default allocator).
       */
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      template<class _InputIterator,
	       typename = std::_RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>>
#else
      template<class _InputIterator>
#endif
        __versa_string(_InputIterator __beg, _InputIterator __end,
		       const _Alloc& __a = _Alloc())
	: __vstring_base(__beg, __end, __a) { }

/**
       *  @brief  Destroy the string instance.
       */
      ~__versa_string() _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT { }

/**
       *  @brief  Assign the value of @a str to this string.
       *  @param  __str  Source string.
       */
      __versa_string&
      operator=(const __versa_string& __str) 
      { return this->assign(__str); }

#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  String move assignment operator.
       *  @param  __str  Source string.
       *
       *  The contents of @a __str are moved into this string (without
       *  copying).  @a __str is a valid, but unspecified string.
       */
      __versa_string&
      operator=(__versa_string&& __str) noexcept
      {
	// NB: DR 1204.
	this->swap(__str);
	return *this;
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Set value to string constructed from initializer list.
       *  @param  __l  std::initializer_list.
       */
      __versa_string&
      operator=(std::initializer_list<_CharT> __l)
      {
	this->assign(__l.begin(), __l.end());
	return *this;
      }
#endif

/**
       *  @brief  Copy contents of @a __s into this string.
       *  @param  __s  Source null-terminated string.
       */
      __versa_string&
      operator=(const _CharT* __s) 
      { return this->assign(__s); }

/**
       *  @brief  Set value to string of length 1.
       *  @param  __c  Source character.
       *
       *  Assigning to a character makes this string length 1 and
       *  (*this)[0] == @a __c.
       */
      __versa_string&
      operator=(_CharT __c) 
      { 
	this->assign(1, __c); 
	return *this;
      }

// Iterators:
      /**
       *  Returns a read/write iterator that points to the first character in
       *  the %string.  Unshares the string.
       */
      iterator
      begin() _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      {
	this->_M_leak();
	return iterator(this->_M_data());
      }

/**
       *  Returns a read-only (constant) iterator that points to the first
       *  character in the %string.
       */
      const_iterator
      begin() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return const_iterator(this->_M_data()); }

/**
       *  Returns a read/write iterator that points one past the last
       *  character in the %string.  Unshares the string.
       */
      iterator
      end() _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      {
	this->_M_leak();
	return iterator(this->_M_data() + this->size());
      }

/**
       *  Returns a read-only (constant) iterator that points one past the
       *  last character in the %string.
       */
      const_iterator
      end() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return const_iterator(this->_M_data() + this->size()); }

/**
       *  Returns a read/write reverse iterator that points to the last
       *  character in the %string.  Iteration is done in reverse element
       *  order.  Unshares the string.
       */
      reverse_iterator
      rbegin() _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return reverse_iterator(this->end()); }

/**
       *  Returns a read-only (constant) reverse iterator that points
       *  to the last character in the %string.  Iteration is done in
       *  reverse element order.
       */
      const_reverse_iterator
      rbegin() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return const_reverse_iterator(this->end()); }

/**
       *  Returns a read/write reverse iterator that points to one before the
       *  first character in the %string.  Iteration is done in reverse
       *  element order.  Unshares the string.
       */
      reverse_iterator
      rend() _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return reverse_iterator(this->begin()); }

/**
       *  Returns a read-only (constant) reverse iterator that points
       *  to one before the first character in the %string.  Iteration
       *  is done in reverse element order.
       */
      const_reverse_iterator
      rend() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return const_reverse_iterator(this->begin()); }

#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  Returns a read-only (constant) iterator that points to the first
       *  character in the %string.
       */
      const_iterator
      cbegin() const noexcept
      { return const_iterator(this->_M_data()); }

/**
       *  Returns a read-only (constant) iterator that points one past the
       *  last character in the %string.
       */
      const_iterator
      cend() const noexcept
      { return const_iterator(this->_M_data() + this->size()); }

/**
       *  Returns a read-only (constant) reverse iterator that points
       *  to the last character in the %string.  Iteration is done in
       *  reverse element order.
       */
      const_reverse_iterator
      crbegin() const noexcept
      { return const_reverse_iterator(this->end()); }

/**
       *  Returns a read-only (constant) reverse iterator that points
       *  to one before the first character in the %string.  Iteration
       *  is done in reverse element order.
       */
      const_reverse_iterator
      crend() const noexcept
      { return const_reverse_iterator(this->begin()); }
#endif

public:
      // Capacity:
      ///  Returns the number of characters in the string, not including any
      ///  null-termination.
      size_type
      size() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->_M_length(); }

///  Returns the number of characters in the string, not including any
      ///  null-termination.
      size_type
      length() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->_M_length(); }

/// Returns the size() of the largest possible %string.
      size_type
      max_size() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->_M_max_size(); }

/**
       *  @brief  Resizes the %string to the specified number of characters.
       *  @param  __n  Number of characters the %string should contain.
       *  @param  __c  Character to fill any new elements.
       *
       *  This function will %resize the %string to the specified
       *  number of characters.  If the number is smaller than the
       *  %string's current size the %string is truncated, otherwise
       *  the %string is extended and new elements are set to @a __c.
       */
      void
      resize(size_type __n, _CharT __c);

/**
       *  @brief  Resizes the %string to the specified number of characters.
       *  @param  __n  Number of characters the %string should contain.
       *
       *  This function will resize the %string to the specified
       *  length.  If the new size is smaller than the %string's
       *  current size the %string is truncated, otherwise the %string
       *  is extended and new characters are default-constructed.  For
       *  basic types such as char, this means setting them to 0.
       */
      void
      resize(size_type __n)
      { this->resize(__n, _CharT()); }

#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /// A non-binding request to reduce capacity() to size().
      void
      shrink_to_fit() noexcept
      {
	if (capacity() > size())
	  {
	    __try
	      { this->reserve(0); }
	    __catch(...)
	      { }
	  }
      }
#endif

/**
       *  Returns the total number of characters that the %string can
       *  hold before needing to allocate more memory.
       */
      size_type
      capacity() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->_M_capacity(); }

/**
       *  @brief  Attempt to preallocate enough memory for specified number of
       *          characters.
       *  @param  __res_arg  Number of characters required.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If @a __res_arg exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  This function attempts to reserve enough memory for the
       *  %string to hold the specified number of characters.  If the
       *  number requested is more than max_size(), length_error is
       *  thrown.
       *
       *  The advantage of this function is that if optimal code is a
       *  necessity and the user can determine the string length that
       *  will be required, the user can reserve the memory in
       *  %advance, and thus prevent a possible reallocation of memory
       *  and copying of %string data.
       */
      void
      reserve(size_type __res_arg = 0)
      { this->_M_reserve(__res_arg); }

/**
       *  Erases the string, making it empty.
       */
      void
      clear() _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { this->_M_clear(); }

/**
       *  Returns true if the %string is empty.  Equivalent to 
       *  <code>*this == ""</code>.
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD bool
      empty() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->size() == 0; }

// Element access:
      /**
       *  @brief  Subscript access to the data contained in the %string.
       *  @param  __pos  The index of the character to access.
       *  @return  Read-only (constant) reference to the character.
       *
       *  This operator allows for easy, array-style, data access.
       *  Note that data access with this operator is unchecked and
       *  out_of_range lookups are not defined. (For checked lookups
       *  see at().)
       */
      const_reference
      operator[] (size_type __pos) const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      {
	__glibcxx_assert(__pos <= this->size());
	return this->_M_data()[__pos];
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Subscript access to the data contained in the %string.
       *  @param  __pos  The index of the character to access.
       *  @return  Read/write reference to the character.
       *
       *  This operator allows for easy, array-style, data access.
       *  Note that data access with this operator is unchecked and
       *  out_of_range lookups are not defined. (For checked lookups
       *  see at().)  Unshares the string.
       */
      reference
      operator[](size_type __pos) _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      {
        // Allow pos == size() both in C++98 mode, as v3 extension,
	// and in C++11 mode.
	__glibcxx_assert(__pos <= this->size());
        // In pedantic mode be strict in C++98 mode.
	_GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(__cplusplus >= 201103L
				 || __pos < this->size());
	this->_M_leak();
	return this->_M_data()[__pos];
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Provides access to the data contained in the %string.
       *  @param __n The index of the character to access.
       *  @return  Read-only (const) reference to the character.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a __n is an invalid index.
       *
       *  This function provides for safer data access.  The parameter
       *  is first checked that it is in the range of the string.  The
       *  function throws out_of_range if the check fails.
       */
      const_reference
      at(size_type __n) const
      {
	if (__n >= this->size())
	  std::__throw_out_of_range_fmt(__N("__versa_string::at: __n "
					    "(which is %zu) >= this->size() "
					    "(which is %zu)"),
					__n, this->size());
	return this->_M_data()[__n];
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Provides access to the data contained in the %string.
       *  @param __n The index of the character to access.
       *  @return  Read/write reference to the character.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a __n is an invalid index.
       *
       *  This function provides for safer data access.  The parameter
       *  is first checked that it is in the range of the string.  The
       *  function throws out_of_range if the check fails.  Success
       *  results in unsharing the string.
       */
      reference
      at(size_type __n)
      {
	if (__n >= this->size())
	  std::__throw_out_of_range_fmt(__N("__versa_string::at: __n "
					    "(which is %zu) >= this->size() "
					    "(which is %zu)"),
					__n, this->size());
	this->_M_leak();
	return this->_M_data()[__n];
      }

#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  Returns a read/write reference to the data at the first
       *  element of the %string.
       */
      reference
      front() noexcept
      { return operator[](0); }

/**
       *  Returns a read-only (constant) reference to the data at the first
       *  element of the %string.
       */
      const_reference
      front() const noexcept
      { return operator[](0); }

/**
       *  Returns a read/write reference to the data at the last
       *  element of the %string.
       */
      reference
      back() noexcept
      { return operator[](this->size() - 1); }

/**
       *  Returns a read-only (constant) reference to the data at the
       *  last element of the %string.
       */
      const_reference
      back() const noexcept
      { return operator[](this->size() - 1); }
#endif

// Modifiers:
      /**
       *  @brief  Append a string to this string.
       *  @param __str  The string to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      __versa_string&
      operator+=(const __versa_string& __str)
      { return this->append(__str); }

/**
       *  @brief  Append a C string.
       *  @param __s  The C string to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      __versa_string&
      operator+=(const _CharT* __s)
      { return this->append(__s); }

/**
       *  @brief  Append a character.
       *  @param __c  The character to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      __versa_string&
      operator+=(_CharT __c)
      { 
	this->push_back(__c);
	return *this;
      }

#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  Append an initializer_list of characters.
       *  @param __l  The initializer_list of characters to be appended.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      __versa_string&
      operator+=(std::initializer_list<_CharT> __l)
      { return this->append(__l.begin(), __l.end()); }
#endif // C++11

/**
       *  @brief  Append a string to this string.
       *  @param __str  The string to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      __versa_string&
      append(const __versa_string& __str)
      { return _M_append(__str._M_data(), __str.size()); }

/**
       *  @brief  Append a substring.
       *  @param __str  The string to append.
       *  @param __pos  Index of the first character of str to append.
       *  @param __n  The number of characters to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range if @a pos is not a valid index.
       *
       *  This function appends @a __n characters from @a __str
       *  starting at @a __pos to this string.  If @a __n is is larger
       *  than the number of available characters in @a __str, the
       *  remainder of @a __str is appended.
       */
      __versa_string&
      append(const __versa_string& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __n)
      { return _M_append(__str._M_data()
			 + __str._M_check(__pos, "__versa_string::append"),
			 __str._M_limit(__pos, __n)); }

/**
       *  @brief  Append a C substring.
       *  @param __s  The C string to append.
       *  @param __n  The number of characters to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      __versa_string&
      append(const _CharT* __s, size_type __n)
      {
	__glibcxx_requires_string_len(__s, __n);
	_M_check_length(size_type(0), __n, "__versa_string::append");
	return _M_append(__s, __n);
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Append a C string.
       *  @param __s  The C string to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      __versa_string&
      append(const _CharT* __s)
      {
	__glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
	const size_type __n = traits_type::length(__s);
	_M_check_length(size_type(0), __n, "__versa_string::append");
	return _M_append(__s, __n);
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Append multiple characters.
       *  @param __n  The number of characters to append.
       *  @param __c  The character to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *
       *  Appends n copies of c to this string.
       */
      __versa_string&
      append(size_type __n, _CharT __c)
      { return _M_replace_aux(this->size(), size_type(0), __n, __c); }

#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  Append an initializer_list of characters.
       *  @param __l  The initializer_list of characters to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      __versa_string&
      append(std::initializer_list<_CharT> __l)
      { return this->append(__l.begin(), __l.end()); }
#endif // C++11

/**
       *  @brief  Append a range of characters.
       *  @param __first  Iterator referencing the first character to append.
       *  @param __last  Iterator marking the end of the range.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *
       *  Appends characters in the range [first,last) to this string.
       */
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      template<class _InputIterator,
	       typename = std::_RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>>
#else
      template<class _InputIterator>
#endif
        __versa_string&
        append(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
        { return this->replace(_M_iend(), _M_iend(), __first, __last); }

/**
       *  @brief  Append a single character.
       *  @param __c  Character to append.
       */
      void
      push_back(_CharT __c)
      { 
	const size_type __size = this->size();
	if (__size + 1 > this->capacity() || this->_M_is_shared())
	  this->_M_mutate(__size, size_type(0), 0, size_type(1));
	traits_type::assign(this->_M_data()[__size], __c);
	this->_M_set_length(__size + 1);
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Set value to contents of another string.
       *  @param  __str  Source string to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      __versa_string&
      assign(const __versa_string& __str)
      {
	this->_M_assign(__str);
	return *this;
      }

#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  Set value to contents of another string.
       *  @param  __str  Source string to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *
       *  This function sets this string to the exact contents of @a __str.
       *  @a __str is a valid, but unspecified string.
       */
      __versa_string&
      assign(__versa_string&& __str) noexcept
      {
	this->swap(__str);
	return *this;
      }
#endif // C++11

/**
       *  @brief  Set value to a substring of a string.
       *  @param __str  The string to use.
       *  @param __pos  Index of the first character of str.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range if @a __pos is not a valid index.
       *
       *  This function sets this string to the substring of @a __str
       *  consisting of @a __n characters at @a __pos.  If @a __n is
       *  is larger than the number of available characters in @a
       *  __str, the remainder of @a __str is used.
       */
      __versa_string&
      assign(const __versa_string& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __n)
      { return _M_replace(size_type(0), this->size(), __str._M_data()
			  + __str._M_check(__pos, "__versa_string::assign"),
			  __str._M_limit(__pos, __n)); }

/**
       *  @brief  Set value to a C substring.
       *  @param __s  The C string to use.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *
       *  This function sets the value of this string to the first @a
       *  __n characters of @a __s.  If @a __n is is larger than the
       *  number of available characters in @a __s, the remainder of
       *  @a __s is used.
       */
      __versa_string&
      assign(const _CharT* __s, size_type __n)
      {
	__glibcxx_requires_string_len(__s, __n);
	return _M_replace(size_type(0), this->size(), __s, __n);
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Set value to contents of a C string.
       *  @param __s  The C string to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *
       *  This function sets the value of this string to the value of
       *  @a __s.  The data is copied, so there is no dependence on @a
       *  __s once the function returns.
       */
      __versa_string&
      assign(const _CharT* __s)
      {
	__glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
	return _M_replace(size_type(0), this->size(), __s,
			  traits_type::length(__s));
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Set value to multiple characters.
       *  @param __n  Length of the resulting string.
       *  @param __c  The character to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *
       *  This function sets the value of this string to @a __n copies of
       *  character @a __c.
       */
      __versa_string&
      assign(size_type __n, _CharT __c)
      { return _M_replace_aux(size_type(0), this->size(), __n, __c); }

/**
       *  @brief  Set value to a range of characters.
       *  @param __first  Iterator referencing the first character to append.
       *  @param __last  Iterator marking the end of the range.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *
       *  Sets value of string to characters in the range
       *  [first,last).
      */
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      template<class _InputIterator,
	       typename = std::_RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>>
#else
      template<class _InputIterator>
#endif
        __versa_string&
        assign(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
        { return this->replace(_M_ibegin(), _M_iend(), __first, __last); }

#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  Set value to an initializer_list of characters.
       *  @param __l  The initializer_list of characters to assign.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      __versa_string&
      assign(std::initializer_list<_CharT> __l)
      { return this->assign(__l.begin(), __l.end()); }
#endif // C++11

#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  Insert multiple characters.
       *  @param __p  Const_iterator referencing location in string to
       *              insert at.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters to insert
       *  @param __c  The character to insert.
       *  @return  Iterator referencing the first inserted char.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Inserts @a __n copies of character @a __c starting at the
       *  position referenced by iterator @a __p.  If adding
       *  characters causes the length to exceed max_size(),
       *  length_error is thrown.  The value of the string doesn't
       *  change if an error is thrown.
      */
      iterator
      insert(const_iterator __p, size_type __n, _CharT __c)
      {
	_GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(__p >= _M_ibegin() && __p <= _M_iend());
	const size_type __pos = __p - _M_ibegin();
	this->replace(__p, __p, __n, __c);
	return iterator(this->_M_data() + __pos); 
      }
#else
      /**
       *  @brief  Insert multiple characters.
       *  @param __p  Iterator referencing location in string to insert at.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters to insert
       *  @param __c  The character to insert.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Inserts @a __n copies of character @a __c starting at the
       *  position referenced by iterator @a __p.  If adding
       *  characters causes the length to exceed max_size(),
       *  length_error is thrown.  The value of the string doesn't
       *  change if an error is thrown.
      */
      void
      insert(iterator __p, size_type __n, _CharT __c)
      {	this->replace(__p, __p, __n, __c);  }
#endif

#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  Insert a range of characters.
       *  @param __p  Const_iterator referencing location in string to
       *              insert at.
       *  @param __beg  Start of range.
       *  @param __end  End of range.
       *  @return  Iterator referencing the first inserted char.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Inserts characters in range [beg,end).  If adding characters
       *  causes the length to exceed max_size(), length_error is
       *  thrown.  The value of the string doesn't change if an error
       *  is thrown.
      */
      template<class _InputIterator,
	       typename = std::_RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>>
	iterator
        insert(const_iterator __p, _InputIterator __beg, _InputIterator __end)
        {
	  _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(__p >= _M_ibegin() && __p <= _M_iend());
	  const size_type __pos = __p - _M_ibegin();
	  this->replace(__p, __p, __beg, __end);
	  return iterator(this->_M_data() + __pos);
	}
#else
      /**
       *  @brief  Insert a range of characters.
       *  @param __p  Iterator referencing location in string to insert at.
       *  @param __beg  Start of range.
       *  @param __end  End of range.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Inserts characters in range [beg,end).  If adding characters
       *  causes the length to exceed max_size(), length_error is
       *  thrown.  The value of the string doesn't change if an error
       *  is thrown.
      */
      template<class _InputIterator>
        void
        insert(iterator __p, _InputIterator __beg, _InputIterator __end)
        { this->replace(__p, __p, __beg, __end); }
#endif

#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  Insert an initializer_list of characters.
       *  @param __p  Const_iterator referencing location in string to
       *              insert at.
       *  @param __l  The initializer_list of characters to insert.
       *  @return  Iterator referencing the first inserted char.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       */
      iterator
      insert(const_iterator __p, std::initializer_list<_CharT> __l)
      { return this->insert(__p, __l.begin(), __l.end()); }
#endif // C++11

/**
       *  @brief  Insert value of a string.
       *  @param __pos1  Iterator referencing location in string to insert at.
       *  @param __str  The string to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Inserts value of @a __str starting at @a __pos1.  If adding
       *  characters causes the length to exceed max_size(),
       *  length_error is thrown.  The value of the string doesn't
       *  change if an error is thrown.
      */
      __versa_string&
      insert(size_type __pos1, const __versa_string& __str)
      { return this->replace(__pos1, size_type(0),
			     __str._M_data(), __str.size()); }

/**
       *  @brief  Insert a substring.
       *  @param __pos1  Iterator referencing location in string to insert at.
       *  @param __str  The string to insert.
       *  @param __pos2  Start of characters in str to insert.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a __pos1 > size() or
       *  @a __pos2 > @a __str.size().
       *
       *  Starting at @a __pos1, insert @a __n character of @a __str
       *  beginning with @a __pos2.  If adding characters causes the
       *  length to exceed max_size(), length_error is thrown.  If @a
       *  __pos1 is beyond the end of this string or @a __pos2 is
       *  beyond the end of @a __str, out_of_range is thrown.  The
       *  value of the string doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
      __versa_string&
      insert(size_type __pos1, const __versa_string& __str,
	     size_type __pos2, size_type __n)
      { return this->replace(__pos1, size_type(0), __str._M_data()
			     + __str._M_check(__pos2, "__versa_string::insert"),
			     __str._M_limit(__pos2, __n)); }

/**
       *  @brief  Insert a C substring.
       *  @param __pos  Iterator referencing location in string to insert at.
       *  @param __s  The C string to insert.
       *  @param __n  The number of characters to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a __pos is beyond the end of this
       *  string.
       *
       *  Inserts the first @a __n characters of @a __s starting at @a
       *  __pos.  If adding characters causes the length to exceed
       *  max_size(), length_error is thrown.  If @a __pos is beyond
       *  end(), out_of_range is thrown.  The value of the string
       *  doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
      __versa_string&
      insert(size_type __pos, const _CharT* __s, size_type __n)
      { return this->replace(__pos, size_type(0), __s, __n); }

/**
       *  @brief  Insert a C string.
       *  @param __pos  Iterator referencing location in string to insert at.
       *  @param __s  The C string to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a __pos is beyond the end of this
       *  string.
       *
       *  Inserts the first @a __n characters of @a __s starting at @a
       *  __pos.  If adding characters causes the length to exceed
       *  max_size(), length_error is thrown.  If @a __pos is beyond
       *  end(), out_of_range is thrown.  The value of the string
       *  doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
      __versa_string&
      insert(size_type __pos, const _CharT* __s)
      {
	__glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
	return this->replace(__pos, size_type(0), __s,
			     traits_type::length(__s));
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Insert multiple characters.
       *  @param __pos  Index in string to insert at.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters to insert
       *  @param __c  The character to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a __pos is beyond the end of this
       *  string.
       *
       *  Inserts @a __n copies of character @a __c starting at index
       *  @a __pos.  If adding characters causes the length to exceed
       *  max_size(), length_error is thrown.  If @a __pos > length(),
       *  out_of_range is thrown.  The value of the string doesn't
       *  change if an error is thrown.
      */
      __versa_string&
      insert(size_type __pos, size_type __n, _CharT __c)
      { return _M_replace_aux(_M_check(__pos, "__versa_string::insert"),
			      size_type(0), __n, __c); }

/**
       *  @brief  Insert one character.
       *  @param __p  Iterator referencing position in string to insert at.
       *  @param __c  The character to insert.
       *  @return  Iterator referencing newly inserted char.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Inserts character @a __c at position referenced by @a __p.
       *  If adding character causes the length to exceed max_size(),
       *  length_error is thrown.  If @a __p is beyond end of string,
       *  out_of_range is thrown.  The value of the string doesn't
       *  change if an error is thrown.
      */
      iterator
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      insert(const_iterator __p, _CharT __c)
#else
      insert(iterator __p, _CharT __c)	
#endif
      {
	_GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(__p >= _M_ibegin() && __p <= _M_iend());
	const size_type __pos = __p - _M_ibegin();
	_M_replace_aux(__pos, size_type(0), size_type(1), __c);
	this->_M_set_leaked();
	return iterator(this->_M_data() + __pos);
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Remove characters.
       *  @param __pos  Index of first character to remove (default 0).
       *  @param __n  Number of characters to remove (default remainder).
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a __pos is beyond the end of this
       *  string.
       *
       *  Removes @a __n characters from this string starting at @a
       *  __pos.  The length of the string is reduced by @a __n.  If
       *  there are < @a __n characters to remove, the remainder of
       *  the string is truncated.  If @a __p is beyond end of string,
       *  out_of_range is thrown.  The value of the string doesn't
       *  change if an error is thrown.
      */
      __versa_string&
      erase(size_type __pos = 0, size_type __n = npos)
      { 
	this->_M_erase(_M_check(__pos, "__versa_string::erase"),
		       _M_limit(__pos, __n));
	return *this;
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Remove one character.
       *  @param __position  Iterator referencing the character to remove.
       *  @return  iterator referencing same location after removal.
       *
       *  Removes the character at @a __position from this string. The
       *  value of the string doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
      iterator
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      erase(const_iterator __position)
#else
      erase(iterator __position)	
#endif
      {
	_GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(__position >= _M_ibegin()
				 && __position < _M_iend());
	const size_type __pos = __position - _M_ibegin();
	this->_M_erase(__pos, size_type(1));
	this->_M_set_leaked();
	return iterator(this->_M_data() + __pos);
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Remove a range of characters.
       *  @param __first  Iterator referencing the first character to remove.
       *  @param __last  Iterator referencing the end of the range.
       *  @return  Iterator referencing location of first after removal.
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [first,last) from this
       *  string.  The value of the string doesn't change if an error
       *  is thrown.
      */
      iterator
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last)
#else
      erase(iterator __first, iterator __last)
#endif
      {
	_GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(__first >= _M_ibegin() && __first <= __last
				 && __last <= _M_iend());
        const size_type __pos = __first - _M_ibegin();
	this->_M_erase(__pos, __last - __first);
	this->_M_set_leaked();
	return iterator(this->_M_data() + __pos);
      }

#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  Remove the last character.
       *
       *  The string must be non-empty.
       */
      void
      pop_back()
      { this->_M_erase(size()-1, 1); }
#endif // C++11

/**
       *  @brief  Replace characters with value from another string.
       *  @param __pos  Index of first character to replace.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters to be replaced.
       *  @param __str  String to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a __pos is beyond the end of this
       *  string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [pos,pos+n) from this
       *  string.  In place, the value of @a __str is inserted.  If @a
       *  __pos is beyond end of string, out_of_range is thrown.  If
       *  the length of the result exceeds max_size(), length_error is
       *  thrown.  The value of the string doesn't change if an error
       *  is thrown.
      */
      __versa_string&
      replace(size_type __pos, size_type __n, const __versa_string& __str)
      { return this->replace(__pos, __n, __str._M_data(), __str.size()); }

/**
       *  @brief  Replace characters with value from another string.
       *  @param __pos1  Index of first character to replace.
       *  @param __n1  Number of characters to be replaced.
       *  @param __str  String to insert.
       *  @param __pos2  Index of first character of str to use.
       *  @param __n2  Number of characters from str to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a __pos1 > size() or @a __pos2 >
       *  str.size().
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [pos1,pos1 + n) from
       *  this string.  In place, the value of @a __str is inserted.
       *  If @a __pos is beyond end of string, out_of_range is thrown.
       *  If the length of the result exceeds max_size(), length_error
       *  is thrown.  The value of the string doesn't change if an
       *  error is thrown.
      */
      __versa_string&
      replace(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const __versa_string& __str,
	      size_type __pos2, size_type __n2)
      {
	return this->replace(__pos1, __n1, __str._M_data()
			     + __str._M_check(__pos2,
					      "__versa_string::replace"),
			     __str._M_limit(__pos2, __n2));
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Replace characters with value of a C substring.
       *  @param __pos  Index of first character to replace.
       *  @param __n1  Number of characters to be replaced.
       *  @param __s  C string to insert.
       *  @param __n2  Number of characters from @a __s to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a __pos1 > size().
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [pos,pos + n1) from this
       *  string.  In place, the first @a __n2 characters of @a __s
       *  are inserted, or all of @a __s if @a __n2 is too large.  If
       *  @a __pos is beyond end of string, out_of_range is thrown.
       *  If the length of result exceeds max_size(), length_error is
       *  thrown.  The value of the string doesn't change if an error
       *  is thrown.
      */
      __versa_string&
      replace(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, const _CharT* __s,
	      size_type __n2)
      {
	__glibcxx_requires_string_len(__s, __n2);
	return _M_replace(_M_check(__pos, "__versa_string::replace"),
			  _M_limit(__pos, __n1), __s, __n2);
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Replace characters with value of a C string.
       *  @param __pos  Index of first character to replace.
       *  @param __n1  Number of characters to be replaced.
       *  @param __s  C string to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a __pos > size().
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [pos,pos + n1) from this
       *  string.  In place, the characters of @a __s are inserted.  If
       *  @a pos is beyond end of string, out_of_range is thrown.  If
       *  the length of result exceeds max_size(), length_error is thrown.  
       *  The value of the string doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
      __versa_string&
      replace(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, const _CharT* __s)
      {
	__glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
	return this->replace(__pos, __n1, __s, traits_type::length(__s));
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Replace characters with multiple characters.
       *  @param __pos  Index of first character to replace.
       *  @param __n1  Number of characters to be replaced.
       *  @param __n2  Number of characters to insert.
       *  @param __c  Character to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a __pos > size().
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [pos,pos + n1) from this
       *  string.  In place, @a __n2 copies of @a __c are inserted.
       *  If @a __pos is beyond end of string, out_of_range is thrown.
       *  If the length of result exceeds max_size(), length_error is
       *  thrown.  The value of the string doesn't change if an error
       *  is thrown.
      */
      __versa_string&
      replace(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, size_type __n2, _CharT __c)
      { return _M_replace_aux(_M_check(__pos, "__versa_string::replace"),
			      _M_limit(__pos, __n1), __n2, __c); }

/**
       *  @brief  Replace range of characters with string.
       *  @param __i1  Iterator referencing start of range to replace.
       *  @param __i2  Iterator referencing end of range to replace.
       *  @param __str  String value to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [i1,i2).  In place, the
       *  value of @a __str is inserted.  If the length of result
       *  exceeds max_size(), length_error is thrown.  The value of
       *  the string doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
      __versa_string&
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2,
	      const __versa_string& __str)
#else
      replace(iterator __i1, iterator __i2, const __versa_string& __str)
#endif
      { return this->replace(__i1, __i2, __str._M_data(), __str.size()); }

/**
       *  @brief  Replace range of characters with C substring.
       *  @param __i1  Iterator referencing start of range to replace.
       *  @param __i2  Iterator referencing end of range to replace.
       *  @param __s  C string value to insert.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters from s to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [i1,i2).  In place, the
       *  first @a n characters of @a __s are inserted.  If the length
       *  of result exceeds max_size(), length_error is thrown.  The
       *  value of the string doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
      __versa_string&
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2,
	      const _CharT* __s, size_type __n)
#else
      replace(iterator __i1, iterator __i2, const _CharT* __s, size_type __n)
#endif
      {
	_GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(_M_ibegin() <= __i1 && __i1 <= __i2
				 && __i2 <= _M_iend());
	return this->replace(__i1 - _M_ibegin(), __i2 - __i1, __s, __n);
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Replace range of characters with C string.
       *  @param __i1  Iterator referencing start of range to replace.
       *  @param __i2  Iterator referencing end of range to replace.
       *  @param __s  C string value to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [i1,i2).  In place, the
       *  characters of @a __s are inserted.  If the length of result
       *  exceeds max_size(), length_error is thrown.  The value of
       *  the string doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
      __versa_string&
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, const _CharT* __s)
#else
      replace(iterator __i1, iterator __i2, const _CharT* __s)	
#endif
      {
	__glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
	return this->replace(__i1, __i2, __s, traits_type::length(__s));
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Replace range of characters with multiple characters
       *  @param __i1  Iterator referencing start of range to replace.
       *  @param __i2  Iterator referencing end of range to replace.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters to insert.
       *  @param __c  Character to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [i1,i2).  In place, @a
       *  __n copies of @a __c are inserted.  If the length of result
       *  exceeds max_size(), length_error is thrown.  The value of
       *  the string doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
      __versa_string&
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, size_type __n,
	      _CharT __c)
#else
      replace(iterator __i1, iterator __i2, size_type __n, _CharT __c)
#endif
      {
	_GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(_M_ibegin() <= __i1 && __i1 <= __i2
				 && __i2 <= _M_iend());
	return _M_replace_aux(__i1 - _M_ibegin(), __i2 - __i1, __n, __c);
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Replace range of characters with range.
       *  @param __i1  Iterator referencing start of range to replace.
       *  @param __i2  Iterator referencing end of range to replace.
       *  @param __k1  Iterator referencing start of range to insert.
       *  @param __k2  Iterator referencing end of range to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [i1,i2).  In place,
       *  characters in the range [k1,k2) are inserted.  If the length
       *  of result exceeds max_size(), length_error is thrown.  The
       *  value of the string doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      template<class _InputIterator,
	       typename = std::_RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>>
        __versa_string&
        replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2,
		_InputIterator __k1, _InputIterator __k2)
        {
	  _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(_M_ibegin() <= __i1 && __i1 <= __i2
				   && __i2 <= _M_iend());
	  __glibcxx_requires_valid_range(__k1, __k2);
	  return this->_M_replace_dispatch(__i1, __i2, __k1, __k2,
					   std::__false_type());
	}
#else
      template<class _InputIterator>
        __versa_string&
        replace(iterator __i1, iterator __i2,
		_InputIterator __k1, _InputIterator __k2)
        {
	  _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(_M_ibegin() <= __i1 && __i1 <= __i2
				   && __i2 <= _M_iend());
	  __glibcxx_requires_valid_range(__k1, __k2);
	  typedef typename std::__is_integer<_InputIterator>::__type _Integral;
	  return this->_M_replace_dispatch(__i1, __i2, __k1, __k2, _Integral());
	}
#endif

// Specializations for the common case of pointer and iterator:
      // useful to avoid the overhead of temporary buffering in _M_replace.
      __versa_string&
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2,
	      _CharT* __k1, _CharT* __k2)
#else
      replace(iterator __i1, iterator __i2,
	      _CharT* __k1, _CharT* __k2)
#endif
      {
	_GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(_M_ibegin() <= __i1 && __i1 <= __i2
				 && __i2 <= _M_iend());
	__glibcxx_requires_valid_range(__k1, __k2);
	return this->replace(__i1 - _M_ibegin(), __i2 - __i1,
			     __k1, __k2 - __k1);
      }

__versa_string&
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2,
	      const _CharT* __k1, const _CharT* __k2)
#else
      replace(iterator __i1, iterator __i2,
	      const _CharT* __k1, const _CharT* __k2)
#endif
      {
	_GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(_M_ibegin() <= __i1 && __i1 <= __i2
				 && __i2 <= _M_iend());
	__glibcxx_requires_valid_range(__k1, __k2);
	return this->replace(__i1 - _M_ibegin(), __i2 - __i1,
			     __k1, __k2 - __k1);
      }

__versa_string&
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2,
	      iterator __k1, iterator __k2)
#else
      replace(iterator __i1, iterator __i2,
	      iterator __k1, iterator __k2)
#endif
      {
	_GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(_M_ibegin() <= __i1 && __i1 <= __i2
				 && __i2 <= _M_iend());
	__glibcxx_requires_valid_range(__k1, __k2);
	return this->replace(__i1 - _M_ibegin(), __i2 - __i1,
			     __k1.base(), __k2 - __k1);
      }

__versa_string&
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2,
	      const_iterator __k1, const_iterator __k2)
#else
      replace(iterator __i1, iterator __i2,
	      const_iterator __k1, const_iterator __k2)
#endif
      {
	_GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(_M_ibegin() <= __i1 && __i1 <= __i2
				 && __i2 <= _M_iend());
	__glibcxx_requires_valid_range(__k1, __k2);
	return this->replace(__i1 - _M_ibegin(), __i2 - __i1,
			     __k1.base(), __k2 - __k1);
      }
      
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  Replace range of characters with initializer_list.
       *  @param __i1  Iterator referencing start of range to replace.
       *  @param __i2  Iterator referencing end of range to replace.
       *  @param __l  The initializer_list of characters to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [i1,i2).  In place,
       *  characters in the range [k1,k2) are inserted.  If the length
       *  of result exceeds max_size(), length_error is thrown.  The
       *  value of the string doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
      __versa_string&
      replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2,
	      std::initializer_list<_CharT> __l)
      { return this->replace(__i1, __i2, __l.begin(), __l.end()); }
#endif // C++11

private:
      template<class _Integer>
	__versa_string&
	_M_replace_dispatch(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2,
			    _Integer __n, _Integer __val, std::__true_type)
        { return _M_replace_aux(__i1 - _M_ibegin(), __i2 - __i1, __n, __val); }

template<class _InputIterator>
	__versa_string&
	_M_replace_dispatch(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2,
			    _InputIterator __k1, _InputIterator __k2,
			    std::__false_type);

__versa_string&
      _M_replace_aux(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, size_type __n2,
		     _CharT __c);

__versa_string&
      _M_replace(size_type __pos, size_type __len1, const _CharT* __s,
		 const size_type __len2);

__versa_string&
      _M_append(const _CharT* __s, size_type __n);

public:

/**
       *  @brief  Copy substring into C string.
       *  @param __s  C string to copy value into.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters to copy.
       *  @param __pos  Index of first character to copy.
       *  @return  Number of characters actually copied
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If pos > size().
       *
       *  Copies up to @a __n characters starting at @a __pos into the
       *  C string @a s.  If @a __pos is greater than size(),
       *  out_of_range is thrown.
      */
      size_type
      copy(_CharT* __s, size_type __n, size_type __pos = 0) const;

/**
       *  @brief  Swap contents with another string.
       *  @param __s  String to swap with.
       *
       *  Exchanges the contents of this string with that of @a __s in
       *  constant time.
      */
      void
      swap(__versa_string& __s) _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { this->_M_swap(__s); }

// String operations:
      /**
       *  @brief  Return const pointer to null-terminated contents.
       *
       *  This is a handle to internal data.  Do not modify or dire things may
       *  happen.
      */
      const _CharT*
      c_str() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->_M_data(); }

/**
       *  @brief  Return const pointer to contents.
       *
       *  This is a handle to internal data.  Do not modify or dire things may
       *  happen.
      */
      const _CharT*
      data() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->_M_data(); }

/**
       *  @brief  Return copy of allocator used to construct this string.
      */
      allocator_type
      get_allocator() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return allocator_type(this->_M_get_allocator()); }

/**
       *  @brief  Find position of a C substring.
       *  @param __s  C string to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters from @a __s to search for.
       *  @return  Index of start of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for the first @a
       *  __n characters in @a __s within this string.  If found,
       *  returns the index where it begins.  If not found, returns
       *  npos.
      */
      size_type
      find(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const;

/**
       *  @brief  Find position of a string.
       *  @param __str  String to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from (default 0).
       *  @return  Index of start of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for value of @a
       *  __str within this string.  If found, returns the index where
       *  it begins.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      size_type
      find(const __versa_string& __str, size_type __pos = 0) const
	_GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->find(__str.data(), __pos, __str.size()); }

/**
       *  @brief  Find position of a C string.
       *  @param __s  C string to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from (default 0).
       *  @return  Index of start of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for the value of @a
       *  __s within this string.  If found, returns the index where
       *  it begins.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      size_type
      find(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos = 0) const
      {
	__glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
	return this->find(__s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Find position of a character.
       *  @param __c  Character to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from (default 0).
       *  @return  Index of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for @a __c within
       *  this string.  If found, returns the index where it was
       *  found.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      size_type
      find(_CharT __c, size_type __pos = 0) const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT;

/**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a string.
       *  @param __str  String to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from (default end).
       *  @return  Index of start of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for value of @a
       *  __str within this string.  If found, returns the index where
       *  it begins.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      size_type
      rfind(const __versa_string& __str, size_type __pos = npos) const
	_GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->rfind(__str.data(), __pos, __str.size()); }

/**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a C substring.
       *  @param __s  C string to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters from s to search for.
       *  @return  Index of start of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for the first @a
       *  __n characters in @a __s within this string.  If found,
       *  returns the index where it begins.  If not found, returns
       *  npos.
      */
      size_type
      rfind(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const;

/**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a C string.
       *  @param __s  C string to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to start search at (default end).
       *  @return  Index of start of  last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for the value of
       *  @a __s within this string.  If found, returns the index
       *  where it begins.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      size_type
      rfind(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos = npos) const
      {
	__glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
	return this->rfind(__s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a character.
       *  @param __c  Character to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from (default end).
       *  @return  Index of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for @a __c within
       *  this string.  If found, returns the index where it was
       *  found.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      size_type
      rfind(_CharT __c, size_type __pos = npos) const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT;

/**
       *  @brief  Find position of a character of string.
       *  @param __str  String containing characters to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from (default 0).
       *  @return  Index of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for one of the characters of
       *  @a __str within this string.  If found, returns the index where it was
       *  found.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      size_type
      find_first_of(const __versa_string& __str, size_type __pos = 0) const
	_GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->find_first_of(__str.data(), __pos, __str.size()); }

/**
       *  @brief  Find position of a character of C substring.
       *  @param __s  String containing characters to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters from s to search for.
       *  @return  Index of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for one of the
       *  first @a __n characters of @a __s within this string.  If
       *  found, returns the index where it was found.  If not found,
       *  returns npos.
      */
      size_type
      find_first_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const;

/**
       *  @brief  Find position of a character of C string.
       *  @param __s  String containing characters to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from (default 0).
       *  @return  Index of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for one of the
       *  characters of @a __s within this string.  If found, returns
       *  the index where it was found.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      size_type
      find_first_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos = 0) const
      {
	__glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
	return this->find_first_of(__s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Find position of a character.
       *  @param __c  Character to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from (default 0).
       *  @return  Index of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for the character
       *  @a __c within this string.  If found, returns the index
       *  where it was found.  If not found, returns npos.
       *
       *  Note: equivalent to find(c, pos).
      */
      size_type
      find_first_of(_CharT __c, size_type __pos = 0) const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->find(__c, __pos); }

/**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a character of string.
       *  @param __str  String containing characters to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from (default end).
       *  @return  Index of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for one of the
       *  characters of @a __str within this string.  If found,
       *  returns the index where it was found.  If not found, returns
       *  npos.
      */
      size_type
      find_last_of(const __versa_string& __str, size_type __pos = npos) const
	_GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->find_last_of(__str.data(), __pos, __str.size()); }

/**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a character of C substring.
       *  @param __s  C string containing characters to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters from s to search for.
       *  @return  Index of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for one of the
       *  first @a __n characters of @a __s within this string.  If
       *  found, returns the index where it was found.  If not found,
       *  returns npos.
      */
      size_type
      find_last_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const;

/**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a character of C string.
       *  @param __s  C string containing characters to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from (default end).
       *  @return  Index of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for one of the
       *  characters of @a __s within this string.  If found, returns
       *  the index where it was found.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      size_type
      find_last_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos = npos) const
      {
	__glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
	return this->find_last_of(__s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a character.
       *  @param __c  Character to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from (default end).
       *  @return  Index of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for @a __c within
       *  this string.  If found, returns the index where it was
       *  found.  If not found, returns npos.
       *
       *  Note: equivalent to rfind(c, pos).
      */
      size_type
      find_last_of(_CharT __c, size_type __pos = npos) const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->rfind(__c, __pos); }

/**
       *  @brief  Find position of a character not in string.
       *  @param __str  String containing characters to avoid.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from (default 0).
       *  @return  Index of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for a character not
       *  contained in @a __str within this string.  If found, returns
       *  the index where it was found.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      size_type
      find_first_not_of(const __versa_string& __str, size_type __pos = 0) const
	_GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->find_first_not_of(__str.data(), __pos, __str.size()); }

/**
       *  @brief  Find position of a character not in C substring.
       *  @param __s  C string containing characters to avoid.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters from s to consider.
       *  @return  Index of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for a character not
       *  contained in the first @a __n characters of @a __s within
       *  this string.  If found, returns the index where it was
       *  found.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      size_type
      find_first_not_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos,
			size_type __n) const;

/**
       *  @brief  Find position of a character not in C string.
       *  @param __s  C string containing characters to avoid.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from (default 0).
       *  @return  Index of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for a character not
       *  contained in @a __s within this string.  If found, returns
       *  the index where it was found.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      size_type
      find_first_not_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos = 0) const
      {
	__glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
	return this->find_first_not_of(__s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Find position of a different character.
       *  @param __c  Character to avoid.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from (default 0).
       *  @return  Index of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for a character
       *  other than @a __c within this string.  If found, returns the
       *  index where it was found.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      size_type
      find_first_not_of(_CharT __c, size_type __pos = 0) const
	_GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT;

/**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a character not in string.
       *  @param __str  String containing characters to avoid.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from (default end).
       *  @return  Index of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for a character
       *  not contained in @a __str within this string.  If found,
       *  returns the index where it was found.  If not found, returns
       *  npos.
      */
      size_type
      find_last_not_of(const __versa_string& __str,
		       size_type __pos = npos) const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->find_last_not_of(__str.data(), __pos, __str.size()); }

/**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a character not in C substring.
       *  @param __s  C string containing characters to avoid.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters from s to consider.
       *  @return  Index of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for a character
       *  not contained in the first @a __n characters of @a __s
       *  within this string.  If found, returns the index where it
       *  was found.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      size_type
      find_last_not_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos,
		       size_type __n) const;
      /**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a character not in C string.
       *  @param __s  C string containing characters to avoid.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from (default end).
       *  @return  Index of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for a character
       *  not contained in @a __s within this string.  If found,
       *  returns the index where it was found.  If not found, returns
       *  npos.
      */
      size_type
      find_last_not_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos = npos) const
      {
	__glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
	return this->find_last_not_of(__s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a different character.
       *  @param __c  Character to avoid.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from (default end).
       *  @return  Index of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for a character
       *  other than @a __c within this string.  If found, returns the
       *  index where it was found.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      size_type
      find_last_not_of(_CharT __c, size_type __pos = npos) const
	_GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT;

/**
       *  @brief  Get a substring.
       *  @param __pos  Index of first character (default 0).
       *  @param __n  Number of characters in substring (default remainder).
       *  @return  The new string.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If pos > size().
       *
       *  Construct and return a new string using the @a __n
       *  characters starting at @a __pos.  If the string is too
       *  short, use the remainder of the characters.  If @a __pos is
       *  beyond the end of the string, out_of_range is thrown.
      */
      __versa_string
      substr(size_type __pos = 0, size_type __n = npos) const
      {
	return __versa_string(*this, _M_check(__pos, "__versa_string::substr"),
			      __n);
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Compare to a string.
       *  @param __str  String to compare against.
       *  @return  Integer < 0, 0, or > 0.
       *
       *  Returns an integer < 0 if this string is ordered before @a
       *  __str, 0 if their values are equivalent, or > 0 if this
       *  string is ordered after @a __str.  Determines the effective
       *  length rlen of the strings to compare as the smallest of
       *  size() and str.size().  The function then compares the two
       *  strings by calling traits::compare(data(), str.data(),rlen).
       *  If the result of the comparison is nonzero returns it,
       *  otherwise the shorter one is ordered first.
      */
      int
      compare(const __versa_string& __str) const
      {
	if (this->_M_compare(__str))
	  return 0;

const size_type __size = this->size();
	const size_type __osize = __str.size();
	const size_type __len = std::min(__size, __osize);

int __r = traits_type::compare(this->_M_data(), __str.data(), __len);
	if (!__r)
	  __r = this->_S_compare(__size, __osize);
	return __r;
      }

/**
       *  @brief  Compare substring to a string.
       *  @param __pos  Index of first character of substring.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters in substring.
       *  @param __str  String to compare against.
       *  @return  Integer < 0, 0, or > 0.
       *
       *  Form the substring of this string from the @a __n characters
       *  starting at @a __pos.  Returns an integer < 0 if the
       *  substring is ordered before @a __str, 0 if their values are
       *  equivalent, or > 0 if the substring is ordered after @a
       *  __str.  Determines the effective length rlen of the strings
       *  to compare as the smallest of the length of the substring
       *  and @a __str.size().  The function then compares the two
       *  strings by calling
       *  traits::compare(substring.data(),str.data(),rlen).  If the
       *  result of the comparison is nonzero returns it, otherwise
       *  the shorter one is ordered first.
      */
      int
      compare(size_type __pos, size_type __n,
	      const __versa_string& __str) const;

/**
       *  @brief  Compare substring to a substring.
       *  @param __pos1  Index of first character of substring.
       *  @param __n1  Number of characters in substring.
       *  @param __str  String to compare against.
       *  @param __pos2  Index of first character of substring of str.
       *  @param __n2  Number of characters in substring of str.
       *  @return  Integer < 0, 0, or > 0.
       *
       *  Form the substring of this string from the @a __n1
       *  characters starting at @a __pos1.  Form the substring of @a
       *  __str from the @a __n2 characters starting at @a __pos2.
       *  Returns an integer < 0 if this substring is ordered before
       *  the substring of @a __str, 0 if their values are equivalent,
       *  or > 0 if this substring is ordered after the substring of
       *  @a __str.  Determines the effective length rlen of the
       *  strings to compare as the smallest of the lengths of the
       *  substrings.  The function then compares the two strings by
       *  calling
       *  traits::compare(substring.data(),str.substr(pos2,n2).data(),rlen).
       *  If the result of the comparison is nonzero returns it,
       *  otherwise the shorter one is ordered first.
      */
      int
      compare(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const __versa_string& __str,
	      size_type __pos2, size_type __n2) const;

/**
       *  @brief  Compare to a C string.
       *  @param __s  C string to compare against.
       *  @return  Integer < 0, 0, or > 0.
       *
       *  Returns an integer < 0 if this string is ordered before @a
       *  __s, 0 if their values are equivalent, or > 0 if this string
       *  is ordered after @a __s.  Determines the effective length
       *  rlen of the strings to compare as the smallest of size() and
       *  the length of a string constructed from @a __s.  The
       *  function then compares the two strings by calling
       *  traits::compare(data(),s,rlen).  If the result of the
       *  comparison is nonzero returns it, otherwise the shorter one
       *  is ordered first.
      */
      int
      compare(const _CharT* __s) const;

// _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
      // 5 String::compare specification questionable
      /**
       *  @brief  Compare substring to a C string.
       *  @param __pos  Index of first character of substring.
       *  @param __n1  Number of characters in substring.
       *  @param __s  C string to compare against.
       *  @return  Integer < 0, 0, or > 0.
       *
       *  Form the substring of this string from the @a __n1
       *  characters starting at @a __pos.  Returns an integer < 0 if
       *  the substring is ordered before @a __s, 0 if their values
       *  are equivalent, or > 0 if the substring is ordered after @a
       *  __s.  Determines the effective length rlen of the strings to
       *  compare as the smallest of the length of the substring and
       *  the length of a string constructed from @a __s.  The
       *  function then compares the two string by calling
       *  traits::compare(substring.data(),s,rlen).  If the result of
       *  the comparison is nonzero returns it, otherwise the shorter
       *  one is ordered first.
      */
      int
      compare(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, const _CharT* __s) const;

/**
       *  @brief  Compare substring against a character array.
       *  @param __pos  Index of first character of substring.
       *  @param __n1  Number of characters in substring.
       *  @param __s  character array to compare against.
       *  @param __n2  Number of characters of s.
       *  @return  Integer < 0, 0, or > 0.
       *
       *  Form the substring of this string from the @a __n1
       *  characters starting at @a __pos.  Form a string from the
       *  first @a __n2 characters of @a __s.  Returns an integer < 0
       *  if this substring is ordered before the string from @a __s,
       *  0 if their values are equivalent, or > 0 if this substring
       *  is ordered after the string from @a __s.  Determines the
       *  effective length rlen of the strings to compare as the
       *  smallest of the length of the substring and @a __n2.  The
       *  function then compares the two strings by calling
       *  traits::compare(substring.data(),__s,rlen).  If the result of
       *  the comparison is nonzero returns it, otherwise the shorter
       *  one is ordered first.
       *
       *  NB: __s must have at least n2 characters, <em>\\0</em> has no special
       *  meaning.
      */
      int
      compare(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, const _CharT* __s,
	      size_type __n2) const;
    };

// operator+
  /**
   *  @brief  Concatenate two strings.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Last string.
   *  @return  New string with value of @a __lhs followed by @a __rhs.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>
    operator+(const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __lhs,
	      const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __rhs);

/**
   *  @brief  Concatenate C string and string.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Last string.
   *  @return  New string with value of @a __lhs followed by @a __rhs.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>
    operator+(const _CharT* __lhs,
	      const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __rhs);

/**
   *  @brief  Concatenate character and string.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Last string.
   *  @return  New string with @a __lhs followed by @a __rhs.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>
    operator+(_CharT __lhs,
	      const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __rhs);

/**
   *  @brief  Concatenate string and C string.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Last string.
   *  @return  New string with @a __lhs followed by @a __rhs.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>
    operator+(const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __lhs,
	      const _CharT* __rhs);

/**
   *  @brief  Concatenate string and character.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Last string.
   *  @return  New string with @a __lhs followed by @a __rhs.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>
    operator+(const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __lhs,
	      _CharT __rhs);

#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>
    operator+(__versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>&& __lhs,
	      const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __rhs)
    { return std::move(__lhs.append(__rhs)); }

template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>
    operator+(__versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>&& __lhs,
	      __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>&& __rhs)
    {
      const auto __size = __lhs.size() + __rhs.size();
      const bool __cond = (__size > __lhs.capacity()
			   && __size <= __rhs.capacity());
      return __cond ? std::move(__rhs.insert(0, __lhs))
	            : std::move(__lhs.append(__rhs));
    }

// operator ==
  /**
   *  @brief  Test equivalence of two strings.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Second string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs.compare(@a __rhs) == 0.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline bool
    operator==(const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __lhs,
	       const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __rhs)
    { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) == 0; }

template<typename _CharT,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline typename __enable_if<std::__is_char<_CharT>::__value, bool>::__type
    operator==(const __versa_string<_CharT, std::char_traits<_CharT>,
	       std::allocator<_CharT>, _Base>& __lhs,
	       const __versa_string<_CharT, std::char_traits<_CharT>,
	       std::allocator<_CharT>, _Base>& __rhs)
    { return (__lhs.size() == __rhs.size()
	      && !std::char_traits<_CharT>::compare(__lhs.data(), __rhs.data(),
						    __lhs.size())); }

/**
   *  @brief  Test equivalence of C string and string.
   *  @param __lhs  C string.
   *  @param __rhs  String.
   *  @return  True if @a __rhs.compare(@a __lhs) == 0.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline bool
    operator==(const _CharT* __lhs,
	       const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __rhs)
    { return __rhs.compare(__lhs) == 0; }

/**
   *  @brief  Test equivalence of string and C string.
   *  @param __lhs  String.
   *  @param __rhs  C string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs.compare(@a __rhs) == 0.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline bool
    operator==(const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __lhs,
	       const _CharT* __rhs)
    { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) == 0; }

// operator !=
  /**
   *  @brief  Test difference of two strings.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Second string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs.compare(@a __rhs) != 0.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline bool
    operator!=(const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __lhs,
	       const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __rhs)
    { return !(__lhs == __rhs); }

/**
   *  @brief  Test difference of C string and string.
   *  @param __lhs  C string.
   *  @param __rhs  String.
   *  @return  True if @a __rhs.compare(@a __lhs) != 0.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline bool
    operator!=(const _CharT* __lhs,
	       const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __rhs)
    { return !(__lhs == __rhs); }

/**
   *  @brief  Test difference of string and C string.
   *  @param __lhs  String.
   *  @param __rhs  C string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs.compare(@a __rhs) != 0.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline bool
    operator!=(const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __lhs,
	       const _CharT* __rhs)
    { return !(__lhs == __rhs); }

// operator <
  /**
   *  @brief  Test if string precedes string.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Second string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs precedes @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline bool
    operator<(const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __lhs,
	      const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __rhs)
    { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) < 0; }

/**
   *  @brief  Test if string precedes C string.
   *  @param __lhs  String.
   *  @param __rhs  C string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs precedes @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline bool
    operator<(const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __lhs,
	      const _CharT* __rhs)
    { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) < 0; }

/**
   *  @brief  Test if C string precedes string.
   *  @param __lhs  C string.
   *  @param __rhs  String.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs precedes @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline bool
    operator<(const _CharT* __lhs,
	      const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __rhs)
    { return __rhs.compare(__lhs) > 0; }

// operator >
  /**
   *  @brief  Test if string follows string.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Second string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs follows @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline bool
    operator>(const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __lhs,
	      const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __rhs)
    { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) > 0; }

/**
   *  @brief  Test if string follows C string.
   *  @param __lhs  String.
   *  @param __rhs  C string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs follows @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline bool
    operator>(const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __lhs,
	      const _CharT* __rhs)
    { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) > 0; }

/**
   *  @brief  Test if C string follows string.
   *  @param __lhs  C string.
   *  @param __rhs  String.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs follows @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline bool
    operator>(const _CharT* __lhs,
	      const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __rhs)
    { return __rhs.compare(__lhs) < 0; }

// operator <=
  /**
   *  @brief  Test if string doesn't follow string.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Second string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs doesn't follow @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline bool
    operator<=(const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __lhs,
	       const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __rhs)
    { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) <= 0; }

/**
   *  @brief  Test if string doesn't follow C string.
   *  @param __lhs  String.
   *  @param __rhs  C string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs doesn't follow @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline bool
    operator<=(const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __lhs,
	       const _CharT* __rhs)
    { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) <= 0; }

/**
   *  @brief  Test if C string doesn't follow string.
   *  @param __lhs  C string.
   *  @param __rhs  String.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs doesn't follow @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline bool
    operator<=(const _CharT* __lhs,
	       const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __rhs)
    { return __rhs.compare(__lhs) >= 0; }

// operator >=
  /**
   *  @brief  Test if string doesn't precede string.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Second string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs doesn't precede @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline bool
    operator>=(const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __lhs,
	       const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __rhs)
    { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) >= 0; }

/**
   *  @brief  Test if string doesn't precede C string.
   *  @param __lhs  String.
   *  @param __rhs  C string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs doesn't precede @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline bool
    operator>=(const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __lhs,
	       const _CharT* __rhs)
    { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) >= 0; }

/**
   *  @brief  Test if C string doesn't precede string.
   *  @param __lhs  C string.
   *  @param __rhs  String.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs doesn't precede @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline bool
    operator>=(const _CharT* __lhs,
	       const __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __rhs)
    { return __rhs.compare(__lhs) <= 0; }

/**
   *  @brief  Swap contents of two strings.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Second string.
   *
   *  Exchanges the contents of @a __lhs and @a __rhs in constant time.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline void
    swap(__versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __lhs,
	 __versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __rhs)
    { __lhs.swap(__rhs); }

_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
} // namespace

namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
{
_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION

/**
   *  @brief  Read stream into a string.
   *  @param __is  Input stream.
   *  @param __str  Buffer to store into.
   *  @return  Reference to the input stream.
   *
   *  Stores characters from @a __is into @a __str until whitespace is
   *  found, the end of the stream is encountered, or str.max_size()
   *  is reached.  If is.width() is non-zero, that is the limit on the
   *  number of characters stored into @a __str.  Any previous
   *  contents of @a __str are erased.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
           template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
	       __gnu_cxx::__versa_string<_CharT, _Traits,
	                                 _Alloc, _Base>& __str);

/**
   *  @brief  Write string to a stream.
   *  @param __os  Output stream.
   *  @param __str  String to write out.
   *  @return  Reference to the output stream.
   *
   *  Output characters of @a __str into os following the same rules as for
   *  writing a C string.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
	   template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
	       const __gnu_cxx::__versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc,
	       _Base>& __str)
    {
      // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
      // 586. string inserter not a formatted function
      return __ostream_insert(__os, __str.data(), __str.size());
    }

/**
   *  @brief  Read a line from stream into a string.
   *  @param __is  Input stream.
   *  @param __str  Buffer to store into.
   *  @param __delim  Character marking end of line.
   *  @return  Reference to the input stream.
   *
   *  Stores characters from @a __is into @a __str until @a __delim is
   *  found, the end of the stream is encountered, or str.max_size()
   *  is reached.  If is.width() is non-zero, that is the limit on the
   *  number of characters stored into @a __str.  Any previous
   *  contents of @a __str are erased.  If @a delim was encountered,
   *  it is extracted but not stored into @a __str.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
           template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
    getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
	    __gnu_cxx::__versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __str,
	    _CharT __delim);

/**
   *  @brief  Read a line from stream into a string.
   *  @param __is  Input stream.
   *  @param __str  Buffer to store into.
   *  @return  Reference to the input stream.
   *
   *  Stores characters from is into @a __str until &apos;\n&apos; is
   *  found, the end of the stream is encountered, or str.max_size()
   *  is reached.  If is.width() is non-zero, that is the limit on the
   *  number of characters stored into @a __str.  Any previous
   *  contents of @a __str are erased.  If end of line was
   *  encountered, it is extracted but not stored into @a __str.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc,
           template <typename, typename, typename> class _Base>
    inline basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
    getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
	    __gnu_cxx::__versa_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc, _Base>& __str)
    { return getline(__is, __str, __is.widen('\n')); }

_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
} // namespace

#if __cplusplus >= 201103L

#include <ext/string_conversions.h>

namespace __gnu_cxx _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
{
_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION

#if _GLIBCXX_USE_C99_STDLIB
  // 21.4 Numeric Conversions [string.conversions].
  inline int
  stoi(const __vstring& __str, std::size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa<long, int>(&std::strtol, "stoi", __str.c_str(),
					__idx, __base); }

inline long
  stol(const __vstring& __str, std::size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::strtol, "stol", __str.c_str(),
			     __idx, __base); }

inline unsigned long
  stoul(const __vstring& __str, std::size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::strtoul, "stoul", __str.c_str(),
			     __idx, __base); }

inline long long
  stoll(const __vstring& __str, std::size_t* __idx = 0,	int __base = 10)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::strtoll, "stoll", __str.c_str(),
			     __idx, __base); }

inline unsigned long long
  stoull(const __vstring& __str, std::size_t* __idx, int __base = 10)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::strtoull, "stoull", __str.c_str(),
			     __idx, __base); }

// NB: strtof vs strtod.
  inline float
  stof(const __vstring& __str, std::size_t* __idx = 0)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::strtof, "stof", __str.c_str(), __idx); }

inline double
  stod(const __vstring& __str, std::size_t* __idx = 0)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::strtod, "stod", __str.c_str(), __idx); }

inline long double
  stold(const __vstring& __str, std::size_t* __idx = 0)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::strtold, "stold", __str.c_str(), __idx); }
#endif // _GLIBCXX_USE_C99_STDLIB

#if _GLIBCXX_USE_C99_STDIO
  // NB: (v)snprintf vs sprintf.

// DR 1261.
  inline __vstring
  to_string(int __val)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__to_xstring<__vstring>(&std::vsnprintf, 4 * sizeof(int),
					      "%d", __val); }

inline __vstring
  to_string(unsigned __val)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__to_xstring<__vstring>(&std::vsnprintf,
					      4 * sizeof(unsigned),
					      "%u", __val); }

inline __vstring
  to_string(long __val)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__to_xstring<__vstring>(&std::vsnprintf,
					      4 * sizeof(long),
					      "%ld", __val); }

inline __vstring
  to_string(unsigned long __val)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__to_xstring<__vstring>(&std::vsnprintf,
					      4 * sizeof(unsigned long),
					      "%lu", __val); }

inline __vstring
  to_string(long long __val)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__to_xstring<__vstring>(&std::vsnprintf,
					      4 * sizeof(long long),
					      "%lld", __val); }

inline __vstring
  to_string(unsigned long long __val)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__to_xstring<__vstring>(&std::vsnprintf,
					      4 * sizeof(unsigned long long),
					      "%llu", __val); }

inline __vstring
  to_string(float __val)
  {
    const int __n = __numeric_traits<float>::__max_exponent10 + 20;
    return __gnu_cxx::__to_xstring<__vstring>(&std::vsnprintf, __n,
					      "%f", __val);
  }

inline __vstring
  to_string(double __val)
  {
    const int __n = __numeric_traits<double>::__max_exponent10 + 20;
    return __gnu_cxx::__to_xstring<__vstring>(&std::vsnprintf, __n,
					      "%f", __val);
  }

inline __vstring
  to_string(long double __val)
  {
    const int __n = __numeric_traits<long double>::__max_exponent10 + 20;
    return __gnu_cxx::__to_xstring<__vstring>(&std::vsnprintf, __n,
					      "%Lf", __val);
  }
#endif // _GLIBCXX_USE_C99_STDIO

#if defined(_GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T) && _GLIBCXX_USE_C99_WCHAR
  inline int 
  stoi(const __wvstring& __str, std::size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa<long, int>(&std::wcstol, "stoi", __str.c_str(),
					__idx, __base); }

inline long 
  stol(const __wvstring& __str, std::size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::wcstol, "stol", __str.c_str(),
			     __idx, __base); }

inline unsigned long
  stoul(const __wvstring& __str, std::size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::wcstoul, "stoul", __str.c_str(),
			     __idx, __base); }

inline long long
  stoll(const __wvstring& __str, std::size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::wcstoll, "stoll", __str.c_str(),
			     __idx, __base); }

inline unsigned long long
  stoull(const __wvstring& __str, std::size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::wcstoull, "stoull", __str.c_str(),
			     __idx, __base); }

// NB: wcstof vs wcstod.
  inline float
  stof(const __wvstring& __str, std::size_t* __idx = 0)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::wcstof, "stof", __str.c_str(), __idx); }

inline double
  stod(const __wvstring& __str, std::size_t* __idx = 0)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::wcstod, "stod", __str.c_str(), __idx); }

inline long double
  stold(const __wvstring& __str, std::size_t* __idx = 0)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::wcstold, "stold", __str.c_str(), __idx); }

#ifndef _GLIBCXX_HAVE_BROKEN_VSWPRINTF
  // DR 1261.
  inline __wvstring
  to_wstring(int __val)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__to_xstring<__wvstring>(&std::vswprintf,
					       4 * sizeof(int),
					       L"%d", __val); }

inline __wvstring
  to_wstring(unsigned __val)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__to_xstring<__wvstring>(&std::vswprintf,
					       4 * sizeof(unsigned),
					       L"%u", __val); }

inline __wvstring
  to_wstring(long __val)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__to_xstring<__wvstring>(&std::vswprintf,
					       4 * sizeof(long),
					       L"%ld", __val); }

inline __wvstring
  to_wstring(unsigned long __val)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__to_xstring<__wvstring>(&std::vswprintf,
					       4 * sizeof(unsigned long),
					       L"%lu", __val); }

inline __wvstring
  to_wstring(long long __val)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__to_xstring<__wvstring>(&std::vswprintf,
					       4 * sizeof(long long),
					       L"%lld", __val); }

inline __wvstring
  to_wstring(unsigned long long __val)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__to_xstring<__wvstring>(&std::vswprintf,
					       4 * sizeof(unsigned long long),
					       L"%llu", __val); }

inline __wvstring
  to_wstring(float __val)
  {
    const int __n = __numeric_traits<float>::__max_exponent10 + 20;
    return __gnu_cxx::__to_xstring<__wvstring>(&std::vswprintf, __n,
					       L"%f", __val);
  }

inline __wvstring
  to_wstring(double __val)
  {
    const int __n = __numeric_traits<double>::__max_exponent10 + 20;
    return __gnu_cxx::__to_xstring<__wvstring>(&std::vswprintf, __n,
					       L"%f", __val);
  }

inline __wvstring
  to_wstring(long double __val)
  {
    const int __n = __numeric_traits<long double>::__max_exponent10 + 20;
    return __gnu_cxx::__to_xstring<__wvstring>(&std::vswprintf, __n,
					       L"%Lf", __val);
  }
#endif // _GLIBCXX_HAVE_BROKEN_VSWPRINTF
#endif // _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T && _GLIBCXX_USE_C99_WCHAR

_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
} // namespace

#endif

#if __cplusplus >= 201103L

#include <bits/functional_hash.h>

namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
{
_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION

/// std::hash specialization for __vstring.
  template<>
    struct hash<__gnu_cxx::__vstring>
    : public __hash_base<size_t, __gnu_cxx::__vstring>
    {
      size_t
      operator()(const __gnu_cxx::__vstring& __s) const noexcept
      { return std::_Hash_impl::hash(__s.data(), __s.length()); }
    };

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  /// std::hash specialization for __wvstring.
  template<>
    struct hash<__gnu_cxx::__wvstring>
    : public __hash_base<size_t, __gnu_cxx::__wvstring>
    {
      size_t
      operator()(const __gnu_cxx::__wvstring& __s) const noexcept
      { return std::_Hash_impl::hash(__s.data(),
                                     __s.length() * sizeof(wchar_t)); }
    };
#endif

/// std::hash specialization for __u16vstring.
  template<>
    struct hash<__gnu_cxx::__u16vstring>
    : public __hash_base<size_t, __gnu_cxx::__u16vstring>
    {
      size_t
      operator()(const __gnu_cxx::__u16vstring& __s) const noexcept
      { return std::_Hash_impl::hash(__s.data(),
                                     __s.length() * sizeof(char16_t)); }
    };

/// std::hash specialization for __u32vstring.
  template<>
    struct hash<__gnu_cxx::__u32vstring>
    : public __hash_base<size_t, __gnu_cxx::__u32vstring>
    {
      size_t
      operator()(const __gnu_cxx::__u32vstring& __s) const noexcept
      { return std::_Hash_impl::hash(__s.data(),
                                     __s.length() * sizeof(char32_t)); }
    };

_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
} // namespace

#endif // C++11

#include <ext/vstring.tcc>

#endif /* _VSTRING_H */

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Shelley I Cutler, OD, FAAO | Excellence in Contact Lens fitting and care

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Shelley I. Cutler, OD, FAAO, Dipl, FSLS

……is an optometrist who not only performs excellent routine eye care but specializes in difficult to fit and medically necessary contact lenses.

Dr.Cutler graduated from the Pennsylvania College of Optometry (now Salus University) in 1982. Following a Primary Care Residency, also at PCO (1982-1983), she accepted a position at The Wills Eye Hospital (Philadelphia, Pa). As supervisor of the Contact Lens Department, Dr. Cutler was responsible for both the contact lens education (both clinically and didactically) of the Ophthalmology residents and the contact lens care of the clinic patients. She left Will Eye to do specialty contact lens care in the private sector, working closely with Corneal specialists in several ophthalmology practices over the years.

Dr. Cutler was appointed adjunct faculty/consultant at the Pennsylvania College of Optometry in 1985, now Salus University. At various points in time, she has participated as a general clinical instructor in primary care, a contact lens specialty instructor, a contact lens laboratory instructor, co-director and director of the Laboratory portion of the Contact Lens curriculum.

Dr. Cutler became a Fellow of the American Academy of Optometry (F.A.A.O.) in 1987 and in 2002 obtained her Diplomate in Cornea and Contact Lens. In July 2018, she became a Fellow in the Scleral Lens Education Society (FSLS).

Many years ago, Dr. Cutler’s interests had taken her into gaining extra knowledge in nutritional care for the body and eyes. She incorporates this in addressing the issues of lid disease, dry eye and tear film insufficiency as it can be related to overall eye health.

As roads and paths cross over one’s lifetime, from 2007-2014, Dr Cutler worked one day per week in nursing/assisted living homes delivering the necessary general eye care to the Geriatric and Special Needs population who can no longer live on their own because of physical or mental limitations.

In 2012, Dr Cutler chose to focus her energies to what she enjoys the most and started a small, niche specialty practice called Scleral Lens Associates, Inc. (see link below) This is the only practice in the tri- state area (Southeast Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware) that specializes in large diameter Oxygen Permeable Scleral lenses. Scleral Lens Associates, Inc. is dedicated to improving the vision and quality of life for patients with anterior surface disease and irregular corneas! Dr Cutler is 1 of 2 (and the first) certified practitioner of the EYEPRINT PROSTHETIC, an impression molded Scleral device.

Along with seeing patients privately, in January 2020, Dr Cutler joined The Scheie Eye Institute (Penn Presbyterian) and sees patients who need specialty and medically necessary contact lenses.

Dr. Cutler has lectured locally, nationally and internationally on contact lens related topics, has many papers, articles and book chapters published and continues to work as a consultant to Bausch & Lomb in their Specialty Products Division to teach Scleral Lens Education to Optometrists at meetings and in their offices (including hands on Workshops)

www.sclerallensassociates.com

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Shelley I Cutler, OD, FAAO

Excellence in Contact Lens fitting and care

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